This book provides complete, comprehensive, and broad subject-based reviews for students, teachers, researchers, policymakers, conservationists, and NGOs intere

Trees and other woody plants, such as shrubs and lianas, form the principal components in forests and many other ecosystems on our planet. Being among the large

Forests and trees enhance and protect landscapes, ecosystems and production systems. They provide goods and services which are essential to the survival and wel

Forest management must be sustainable not only in ecological, economic and social, but also genetic terms. Many forest managers are advocating and developing ma

Tropical climates, which occur between 23°30'N and S latitude (Jacob 1988), encompass a wide variety of plant communities (Hartshorn 1983, 1988), many of which