Refrigeration plays a prominent role in our everyday lives, and cryogenics plays a major role in medical science, space technology and the cooling of low-temper

In the early 1980s, Graham Walker wrote his classic two-volume monograph Cryocoolers. Records show that sections of this work have been referenced more often an

The minimum temperature in the natural universe is 2.7 K. Laboratory refrigerators can reach temperatures in the microkelvin range. Modern industrial refrigerat

This textbook contains information essential for successful experiments at low temperatures. The first chapters describe the low-temperature properties of liqui

Low-temperature technologies include the area of refrigeration and cryogenics. Since the beginning of theoretical developments and practical application, these