The Philippines were declared an American Territory on January 4, 1899, and fortification construction soon began on the islands in the mouth of Manila Bay. Amo

This book is a heavily illustrated, definitive history of the American-built forts and harbor defenses of Manila and Subic Bay in the Philippines. This work tel

In the late-19th century, with the advances in technology and the increase in America's economic stature, a new round of fortification building began in the Uni

"Around 1898, the American military began to arm and fortify 'the Rock,' an island located at the entrance of Manila Bay. Heavily illustrated with historic and

Gibraltar, located at the meeting points of Europe and Africa, preserves within its fortifications a rich testament to human conflict spanning 600 years. In 106