Recently, a new branch of physics and nanotechnology called The aim of this book is tod, which aims at simultaneously present new directions in the development

For 50 years conventional electronics has ignored the electron spin. The manipulation and utilisation of the electron spin heralds an exciting and rapidly chang

Using spin to replace or augment the role of charge in signal processing devices, computing systems and circuits may improve speed, power consumption, and devic

Spintronics (short for spin electronics, or spin transport electronics) exploits both the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in

Nowadays information technology is based on semiconductor and ferromagnetic materials. Information processing and computation are based on electron charge in se