Toxic chemicals can exert effects on all levels of the biological hierarchy, from cells to organs to organisms to populations to entire ecosystems. However, mos

Environmental Modeling and Health Risk Analysis (ACTS/RISK) The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with an integrated perspective on several ?elds. F

Recently, environmental scientists have been required to perform a new type of assessment-ecological risk assessment. This is the first book that explains how t

Most ecological risk assessments consider the risk to individual organisms or organism-level attributes. From a management perspective, however, risks to popula

How can environmental regulators use information on 48-hour toxicity tests to predict the effects of a few minutes of pollution? Or, at the other extreme, what