This Guide provides clear, up-to-date guidance on the concepts, definitions, and classifications of the gross external debt of the public and private sectors, a

International Debt Statistics (IDS), a long-standing annual publication of the World Bank, features external debt statistics and analysis for the 120 low- and m

An empirical investigation of financial crises during the last 800 years.

The global financial crisis of recent years and the associated large fiscal deficits and debt levels that have impacted many countries underscores the importanc

The global economy has experienced four waves of rapid debt accumulation over the past 50 years. The first three debt waves ended with financial crises in many