This Element offers a comprehensive synthesis of the evidence from the pre-Norman period that situates Old English as one of several living languages that toget

Essays reappraising the relationship between the various languages of late medieval Britain. The languages of later medieval Britain are here seen as no longers

In the words of its own historians, pre-Norman Britain held five languages and four peoples. Yet in modern scholarship, Old English is too often studied separat

Throughout the period 800-1250, English culture was marked by linguistic contestation and pluralism: the consequence of migrations and conquests and of the esta

"This is the first major study of the interplay between Latin and Germanic vernaculars in early medieval records. Building on previous work on the uses of the w