The emergence of the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) in the last two-thirds of the 1990s and continuing into the new century, has been a complex pro

The emergence of a common security and foreign policy has been one of the most contentious issues accompanying the integration of the European Union. In this bo

This is an open access title available under the terms of a [CC BY-NC-ND 4.0] License. It is free to read, download and share on Elgaronline.com. This cutting-e

At the European Union's Helsinki summit of December 1999, European leaders took a decisive step toward the development of a new Common European Security and Def