The Irish parliament was both the scene of frequent political battles and an important administrative and legal element of the state machinery of early modern I

In October 1641, violence erupted in mid-Ulster that spread throughout the whole kingdom and lasted for more than a decade. The war was neither unpredictable no

Originally published: 5th ed. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1956.

John Gower's poetry offers an important and immediate response to the turbulent events of his day. The essays here examine his life and his works from an histor