Charles Philipon (1800-1862) was the founder of the satirical illustrated press in France. With the newspapers he owned and directed, La Caricature and Le Chari

"Where do democratic political practices originate? This issue has long concerned republics, but few historians have studied the process by which people learn t

In 1830, with France's colonial empire in ruins, Charles X ordered his army to invade Ottoman Algiers. Victory did not salvage his regime from revolution, but i

In this comprehensive account of censorship of the visual arts in nineteenth-century Europe, when imagery was accessible to the illiterate in ways that print wa

Cultural differences are often the trigger for conflict – whether politically motivated or arising from dissonant understandings of national culture. But what