Why did Syrian political life continue to be dominated by a particular urban elite even after the dramatic changes following the end of four hundred years of Ot

What role does military force play during a colonial occupation? The answer seems obvious: coercion crushes local resistance, quashes political dissent and cons

French rule over Syria and Lebanon was premised on a vision of a special French protectorate established through centuries of cultural activity: archaeological,

This book uses a study of Syria under the French mandate to show what historical developments led people to start describing themselves and others as 'minoritie

First, a colonial welfare state emerged by World War II that recognized social rights of citizens to health, education, and labor protection.